The last 10 years has seen the industry go through a “darkening” of the network as OS makers have implemented a variety of measures to improve user privacy. In terms of user privacy, these are welcomed changes. However, there have been secondary effects including making it very difficult for network operators to discover what types of devices are on the network. Historically, things like the hostnames, mac address, mac address range and HTTP user agents enabled operators to determine OS version and in some cases even model types of devices. However, the recent release of iOS15 with host name encryption, mac address randomization and the introduction of the private relay function essentially eliminated the use of these features for device context. Thus, while a network operator can tell an iOS device from an android device, they cannot determine if the Apple device is an iPhone X vs. iPhone12 vs. Apple watch vs. another iOS device. Similar changes are either implemented or expected to be implements on Android and windows devices. Thus the only reliable way to determine device manufacturer and model is via physical layer data.